An explanatory model for macroevolution in this sense was the "hopeful monster" concept of geneticist Richard Goldschmidt, who suggested saltational evolutionary changes either due to mutations that affect the rates of developmental processes or due to alterations in the chromosomal pattern. By contrast, he referred "macroevolution" to major evolutionary changes that correspond to taxonomic differences above the species level, which in his opinion would require evolutionary processes different from natural selection. Accordingly, he restricted Darwinian " microevolution" to evolutionary changes within the boundary of given species that may lead to different races or subspecies at the most. Philiptschenko distinguished between microevolution and macroevolution because he rejected natural selection in the sense of Darwin as an explanation for larger evolutionary transitions that give rise to taxa above the species level in the Linnean taxonomy. All of this diversity can be explained by modification of existing organs, and new organ structures can arise from modifications of existing organs. For instance, the evolution of mammal diversity in the past 100 million years has not required any major innovation. However, fundamentally novel structures are not necessary for dramatic evolutionary change. Macroevolution is often thought to require the evolution of completely new structures such as entirely new organs. In other words, macroevolution is the evolution of taxa above the species level ( genera, families, orders, etc.). Journalist and news organizations who cover technology issues will also be good sources of information on recent events, trends, and forecasts.Īs it would not be possible to list all such sources, the guide will point to a few examples.Macroevolution usually means the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution (including speciation).
Many organizations monitor the technological environment on a regular basis including think tanks, consulting firms, stock market analysts, trade and industry associations. Business and competitive analysis: Effective application of new and classic methods. The following sources provide additional information on environmental scanning and a variety of analytical tools including the PEST Analysis technique.Īn analysis of the technological environment may involve gathering information on patent activity, research & development budgets, the pace of technological change, and telecommunications infrastructure (such as bandwidth capacity).Īccording to Fleisher and Bensoussan, "The analytical task is to identify monitor the effects of technological change as it affects competitive strategy.not only in the final goods market, but also in new product and process innovation, and even communication, human resource attraction, and marketing methods" (2007, p.90).
Some variations of the PEST analysis method add additional categories for the legal and ecological environments, and may be referred to by other acronyms such as STEEP or PESTEL.īounsoussan and Fleisher (2012) recommend the following process: begin by defining the environmental boundaries in terms of: breadth (topical coverage), depth (level of detail), and forecasting horizon (short, medium, or long timeframe) based on the organization's current strategic plan, geographic reach, and product or service scope. One method used to analyze trends in the macro environment is the PEST (political, economic, social, technological) analysis.
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